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|subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_name3 = Philadelphia ---- |subdivision_type4 = Historic colony |subdivision_name4 = Province of Pennsylvania |government_type = Mayor–Council |governing_body = Philadelphia City Council |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Michael Nutter (D) |established_title = Founded |established_title1 = Incorporated |established_date = October 27, 1682 |established_date1 = October 25, 1701 |founder = William Penn |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |unit_pref = Imperial |area_total_sq_mi = 141.6 |area_land_sq_mi = 134.1〔Source U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts. Data derived from Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits.〕 |area_land_km2 = 347.3 |area_total_mi2 = 366.7 |area_water_sq_mi = 7.5 |area_water_km2 = 19.4 |area_urban_sq_mi = 1799.5 |area_urban_km2 = 4660.5 |area_metro_sq_mi = 4629 |area_metro_km2 = 11988.6 |population_as_of = 2014 |population_footnotes = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates )〕 |population_total = 1,560,297 |population_rank = US: 5th |population_metro = 6,051,170 (US: 6th) |population_density_km2 = 4,492.4 |population_density_sq_mi = 11,635.3 |population_blank1_title = CSA |population_blank1 = 7,164,790 (US: 8th) |population_blank2_title = Demonym |population_blank2 = Philadelphian |timezone = EST |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = EDT |utc_offset_DST = -4 |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 191xx |area_code = 215, 267 |latd=39 |latm=57 |latNS=N |longd=75 |longm=10 |longEW=W |coordinates_display = inline, title |elevation_m = 12 |elevation_ft = 39 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 42101 (County) 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=United States Census Bureau )〕 |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = 1215531 |website = (www.phila.gov ) |footnotes = }} Philadelphia () is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the fifth-most-populous in the United States. In the Northeastern United States, at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill River, Philadelphia is the economic and cultural center of the , and is the only World Heritage City in the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151107_Philadelphia_selected_as_World_Heritage_City.html )〕 The estimated population in 2014 was 1,560,297.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico - 2014 Population Estimates )〕 In 1682, William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants. It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950. Based on the similar shifts underway the nation's economy after 1960, Philadelphia experienced a loss of manufacturing companies and/or jobs to lower taxed regions of the USA and often overseas. As a result, the economic base of Philadelphia, which had historically been manufacturing, declined significantly. In addition, consolidation in several American industries (retailing, financial services and health care in particular) reduced the number of companies headquartered in Philadelphia. The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government. Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes, coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city. The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s. Revitalization began in the 1990s, with gentrification turning around many neighborhoods and reversing its decades-long trend of population loss. The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 )〕 Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with several nationally prominent skyscrapers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Philadelphia's Newest Skyscraper: The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center )〕 The city is known for its arts, culture, and history, attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=2014 Visit Philadelphia Annual Report )〕 Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city,〔(Gateway to Public Art in Philadelphia ), ''Fairmount Park Art Association''.〕 and Fairmount Park is the largest landscaped urban park in the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Philadelphia profile )〕 The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism.〔 Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Marine Corps marks its founding in Philly in 1775 )〕 and is also the home of many U.S. firsts, including the first library (1731),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Philadelphia Firsts 1681-1899 )〕 first hospital (1751)〔 and medical school (1765),〔() 〕 first Capitol (1777),〔 first stock exchange (1790),〔 first zoo (1874),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=About the Philadelphia Zoo )〕 and first business school (1881).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=About Wharton )〕 ==History== (詳細はLenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania. In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony. Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown section. Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love (from ''philos'', "love" or "friendship", and ''adelphos'', "brother"). As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, far more than afforded by most other colonies, led to better relations with the local Native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city. Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart, with areas for gardens and orchards. The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, as they crowded by the Delaware River, the port, and subdivided and resold their lots.〔''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 7, 14 – 16〕 Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. It became an important trading center, poor at first, but with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. Benjamin Franklin, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones, such as fire protection, a library, and one of the American colonies' first hospitals. A number of important philosophical societies were formed, which were centers of the city's intellectual life: the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785), the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts (1787), the Academy of Natural Sciences (1812), and the Franklin Institute (1824).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Explore PA History website )〕 These worked to develop and finance new industries and attract skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe. Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well. Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States, 1790–1800, while the Federal City was under construction in the District of Columbia.〔''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 30–33〕 In 1793, the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed at least 4,000 and up to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the city's population. The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States. Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.〔''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 214, 218, 428 – 429〕 Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Consolidation Act of 1854 )〕 These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city.〔''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 38–39〕 Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559.〔"(Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia )", University of Pennsylvania.〕〔"(Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin )". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.〕 Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities. In the American Civil War, Philadelphia was represented by the Washington Grays (Philadelphia). By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as "corrupt and contented", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine.〔''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 535, 537〕 The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one.〔''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 563 – 564〕 In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.〔''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'', pages 578 – 581〕 In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. Census Bureau )〕 The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.〔''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 44–45〕〔''A Concise History of Philadelphia'', page 78〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philadelphia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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